Hong Kong Year of the Ox Postcard

Hong Kong Pre-stamped Postcard
Name: Year of the Ox
Date of Issue: 17 January 2009

This is the tenth Lunar New Year special stamp issue in the third series released by Hong Kong Post. The first and second sets of special stamps for the Year of the Ox were issued in 1973 and 1997 respectively.

Each lunar year in China is named after an animal, running in twelve-year cycles. In traditional Chinese culture, the ox is a symbol of diligence and reliability. It is believed that people born in the Year of the Ox are conscientious, calm and systematic, and they often assume positions of authority and responsibility.

The First Day Cover design presents an interesting combination of paper-cutting and computer aided drawing. The paper-cut pattern gives a note of festivity, and the expectant ox in the front heralds the Year of the Ox.

2009 Year of the Ox
Canada FDC
China Stamp, Sheetlet II, Booklet.
Hong Kong Stamps FDC, Minisheet FDC, Souvenir Sheet FDC, Pre-stamped Postcard.
Indonesia Stamps FDC, Souvenir Sheet FDC.
Singapore Stamps FDC, Souvenir Sheet FDC.
Taiwan Stamps FDCs, Souvenir Sheet FDCs, Pre-stamped Postcards.
USA FDC

Hong Kong Year of the Ox S/S FDC

Hong Kong Souvenir Sheet FDC
Name: Year of the Ox
Date of Issue: 17 January 2009

This is the tenth Lunar New Year special stamp issue in the third series released by Hong Kong Post. The first and second sets of special stamps for the Year of the Ox were issued in 1973 and 1997 respectively.

Each lunar year in China is named after an animal, running in twelve-year cycles. In traditional Chinese culture, the ox is a symbol of diligence and reliability. It is believed that people born in the Year of the Ox are conscientious, calm and systematic, and they often assume positions of authority and responsibility.

The First Day Cover design presents an interesting combination of paper-cutting and computer aided drawing. The paper-cut pattern gives a note of festivity, and the expectant ox in the front heralds the Year of the Ox.

2009 Year of the Ox
Canada FDC
China Stamp, Sheetlet II, Booklet.
Hong Kong Stamps FDC, Minisheet FDC, Souvenir Sheet FDC, Pre-stamped Postcard.
Indonesia Stamps FDC, Souvenir Sheet FDC.
Singapore Stamps FDC, Souvenir Sheet FDC.
Taiwan Stamps FDCs, Souvenir Sheet FDCs, Pre-stamped Postcards.
USA FDC

Indonesia Year of the Ox S/S FDC

Indonesia Souvenir Sheet FDC
Name: Year of the Ox
Date of Issue: 10 January 2009

The Upcoming Year of the Ox falls on January 26th, 2009 until February, 2010. This is the second year in sequence and recurring in twelve years cycle. According to Chinese astrology, the year 2560 will be the Year of the earth Ox.

As stated by one of the most popular myths, the Lord Buddha called all the animals to come to him before departing this earth. Only 12 animals came after crossing the final river in the race, and as a reward he named a lunar year after each according to the order of its arrival. The Ox was the second to get there after the Rat which rode over his back intelligently jump ahead to reach the first place. The rest followed them were the Tiger, the Rabbit, the Dragon, the Snake, the Horse, the Ram, the Monkey, the Rooster, the Dog, and the Pig.

According to Chinese astrology, people have to work harder and need stability in doing their job in the Year of the Ox. This year will be a hard time to get succeed. Patience and discipline have to be maintained as well as intuition and rationality balancing. The Ox symbolization that holds nature harmony teaches no to set activities causing nature disorder. This upcoming year will be a prosperous year for those hard thinkers and active planners who believe in and relay on a teamwork, running own business or work independently.

The Ox is the sign of prosperity through strength and hard work. The Ox people are born leader, being quite dependable and determined to achieve great things. They are reliable, calm, and modest. The ox is patient, tireless in their work, and capable of performing endurance without complaint. Ox people need peace and quiet circumstances to work. Once they have set their mind on something it is hard for them to be convinced otherwise. An Ox person has a very logical mind and is extremely systematic in whatever they do, even without imagination. These people speak little but are extremely intelligent. People born under the influence of the Ox are kind, caring souls, positive, and filled with common sense. Their feet are firmly planted on the ground. Security is their main preoccupation in life. They are separated to sweat in order to provide a warm, comfortable and stable nest for themselves and their families. Stubborn and individualistic, the majority are highly intelligent individuals hard to be told what to do.

2009 Year of the Ox
Canada FDC
China Stamp, Sheetlet II, Booklet.
Hong Kong Stamps FDC, Minisheet FDC, Souvenir Sheet FDC, Pre-stamped Postcard.
Indonesia Stamps FDC, Souvenir Sheet FDC.
Singapore Stamps FDC, Souvenir Sheet FDC.
Taiwan Stamps FDCs, Souvenir Sheet FDCs, Pre-stamped Postcards.
USA FDC

China Stamp: 2009-4

China Stamps
Name: The 24th Winter Universiade, Harbin
Number: 2009-4
Date of Issue: 18 February 2009
Value: 2 stamps/set

The 24th Winter Universiade was held from February 18 through 28, 2009, in Harbin, capital of northeast China's Helongjiang Province. It was the first time for China to host such a comprehensive international winter games. This games set records in both the number of participants and the number of events, with more than 4,000 athletes, coaches and referees from 50-plus countries and regions competing for 82 events in 12 sports. Ice events were held in Harbin, and snow events took place at Yabuli and Maoershan Ski Resorts. China dispatched a delegation with the largest number of participants in its history in the Winter Universiade.

Denominations:
1.20元 (2-1): Logo
The logo is originated from the letter "U". The dynamic lines symbolize the moving tracks of players. Appearing like a flag fluttering with the wind, the logo manifests the passion of youth, and embodies the interaction and harmony between people and sports, also between people and nature. It presents a picture of university athletes from all over the world, guided by the Olympic spirit of "Citius, Altius, Fortius", jointly playing the theme song of 2009 Winter Universiade:"Youth, Future, Ice and Snow".

1.20元 (2-2): Mascot
The mascot, named "Dong Dong", with snow as the creative element, white and blue as the main colors, by adopting the personified mode of creation, highlights the characteristics of the host city and winter sports. With angelical smile on his face, "Dong Dong" appears pure, optimistic, warm-hearted and lovely. In the orange scarf presenting his vigor, "Dong Dong" is sincerely and warmly welcoming friends from all over the world.

Official Website of the 24th Winter Universiade

Hong Kong Year of the Ox M/S FDC

Hong Kong Minisheet FDC
Name: Year of the Ox
Date of Issue: 17 January 2009

This is the tenth Lunar New Year special stamp issue in the third series released by Hong Kong Post. The first and second sets of special stamps for the Year of the Ox were issued in 1973 and 1997 respectively.

Each lunar year in China is named after an animal, running in twelve-year cycles. In traditional Chinese culture, the ox is a symbol of diligence and reliability. It is believed that people born in the Year of the Ox are conscientious, calm and systematic, and they often assume positions of authority and responsibility.

The four stamps come in denominations of $1.40, $2.40, $3.00 and $5.00, and portray vividly the physique and postures of four different breeds of oxen. To capture the gradation of light and shade and to accentuate the three-dimensional effect, five-colour printing is used on the stamps to enhance the image detail of the cattle against a background of hillside and pasture in silver colour.

The First Day Cover design presents an interesting combination of paper-cutting and computer aided drawing. The paper-cut pattern gives a note of festivity, and the expectant ox in the front heralds the Year of the Ox.

Comment: My friend sent this FDC from the "Ngau Tau Kok Post Office (NTK)". The Chinese name of this post office is "牛頭角郵政局", it has "OX (牛)" in this Post Office's name.

2009 Year of the Ox
Canada FDC
China Stamp, Sheetlet II, Booklet.
Hong Kong Stamps FDC, Minisheet FDC, Souvenir Sheet FDC, Pre-stamped Postcard.
Indonesia Stamps FDC, Souvenir Sheet FDC.
Singapore Stamps FDC, Souvenir Sheet FDC.
Taiwan Stamps FDCs, Souvenir Sheet FDCs, Pre-stamped Postcards.
USA FDC

Hong Kong Year of the Ox FDC

Hong Kong FDC
Name: Year of the Ox
Date of Issue: 17 January 2009

This is the tenth Lunar New Year special stamp issue in the third series released by Hong Kong Post. The first and second sets of special stamps for the Year of the Ox were issued in 1973 and 1997 respectively.

Each lunar year in China is named after an animal, running in twelve-year cycles. In traditional Chinese culture, the ox is a symbol of diligence and reliability. It is believed that people born in the Year of the Ox are conscientious, calm and systematic, and they often assume positions of authority and responsibility.

The four stamps come in denominations of $1.40, $2.40, $3.00 and $5.00, and portray vividly the physique and postures of four different breeds of oxen. To capture the gradation of light and shade and to accentuate the three-dimensional effect, five-colour printing is used on the stamps to enhance the image detail of the cattle against a background of hillside and pasture in silver colour.

The First Day Cover design presents an interesting combination of paper-cutting and computer aided drawing. The paper-cut pattern gives a note of festivity, and the expectant ox in the front heralds the Year of the Ox.

Comment: My friend sent this FDC from the "Ngau Tau Kok Post Office (NTK)". The Chinese name of this post office is "牛頭角郵政局", it has "OX (牛)" in this Post Office's name.

2009 Year of the Ox
Canada FDC
China Stamp, Sheetlet II, Booklet.
Hong Kong Stamps FDC, Minisheet FDC, Souvenir Sheet FDC, Pre-stamped Postcard.
Indonesia Stamps FDC, Souvenir Sheet FDC.
Singapore Stamps FDC, Souvenir Sheet FDC.
Taiwan Stamps FDCs, Souvenir Sheet FDCs, Pre-stamped Postcards.
USA FDC

Estonia Polar Areas FDC

Estonia FDC
Name: Protection of Polar Areas and Glaciers
Date of Issue: 15 January 2009

The average global temperature has risen by more than 0.5℃ during the past one and a half centuries. The global warming has caused climate change, with the climate becoming hotter in some places while in other places have become cooler and are getting more precipitation. The frequency of extreme phenomena of climate – hurricanes, draughts, heavy rains and floods etc. has grown. The global warming has become a worldwide environmental problem, but there have been vast differences of opinion of the role of human activity as one of the main the cause of the process among scientists. Climate is an extremely complex, non-linear chaotic system with thousands of variables and influencers. The past and the future of the world climate has mainly been determined by astronomical factors and they will continue to do so also in the future. The Eesti Post souvenir sheet features an Antarctic glacier. The issue is dedicated to the protection of polar areas and glaciers and will mark the International Polar Year 2007-2009.

Comment: Because the high face value of this sheet, my friend sent this FDC by registered and A.R. mail. Didn't waste any pence, perfect!!!

Preserve the Polar Regions and Glaciers FDCs:
Algeria, Estonia, Lithuania.

Taiwan Birds (IV) FDC

Taiwan FDC
Name: Birds of Taiwan (4th Series)
Date of Issue: 15 January 2009
Number: Def. 128 (IV)

After having previously issued the first three sets in the “Birds of Taiwan” definitive stamp series (on November 3, 2007 and January 30 and June 5, 2008), this Post is now following up with a fourth set of four stamps, featuring Rostratula benghalensis, Turdus poliocephalus, Amaurornis phoenicurus and Cettia acanthizoides.

Denominations:
NT$0.50: Greater Painted Snipe (彩鷸, Rostratula benghalensis)
This common resident bird is about 25 centimeters in length. The females have a white eye-patch, an obvious yellow stripe extending from the bill to the center of the crown, and a wide white band running up the side of the breast and onto the mantle. The males have a yellow eye-patch. These are the bird's important identifying characteristics.

NT$9.00: Island Thrush (白頭鶇, Turdus poliocephalus niveiceps)
About 22 centimeters in length, it is an uncommon resident bird and an endemic subspecies of Taiwan. The males have a reddish brown belly, an obvious white head, brown eyes, a brown beak, and yellow legs. They often sing while hiding in the dense canopy of trees.

NT$13:00: White-breasted Waterhen (白胸苦惡鳥, Amaurornis phoenicurus)
About 29 centimeters in length, it is a common resident bird of Taiwan. Its crown, back, uppertail coverts, and wings are dark brown. Its face, breast and upper belly are white. Its tail is very short with chestnut red undertail coverts. Its bill is yellow and the base of its upper beak is red. It has yellow feet and very long toes.

NT$17.00: Yellowish-bellied Bush Warbler (黃腹樹鶯, Cettia acanthizoides)
A common resident bird and an endemic subspecies of Taiwan, this tiny warbler is about 10 centimeters in length. It has plain plumage, and males and females share similar coloration. The bird is very secretive and not easy to spot. It inhabits mid- to high-altitude mountain areas. It is quick and nimble but seldom flies.

Comment: This is the last issue of this birds definitive series, Chunghwa Post will issue the next definitive series stamp in March, the theme is Taiwan's flowers.

Taiwan "Birds of Taiwan" FDC (I)
Taiwan "Birds of Taiwan" FDC (II)
Taiwan "Birds of Taiwan" FDC (III)
Taiwan "Birds of Taiwan" FDC (IV)

Indonesia Year of the Ox FDC

Indonesia FDC
Name: Year of the Ox
Date of Issue: 10 January 2009

The Upcoming Year of the Ox falls on January 26th, 2009 until February, 2010. This is the second year in sequence and recurring in twelve years cycle. According to Chinese astrology, the year 2560 will be the Year of the earth Ox.

As stated by one of the most popular myths, the Lord Buddha called all the animals to come to him before departing this earth. Only 12 animals came after crossing the final river in the race, and as a reward he named a lunar year after each according to the order of its arrival. The Ox was the second to get there after the Rat which rode over his back intelligently jump ahead to reach the first place. The rest followed them were the Tiger, the Rabbit, the Dragon, the Snake, the Horse, the Ram, the Monkey, the Rooster, the Dog, and the Pig.

According to Chinese astrology, people have to work harder and need stability in doing their job in the Year of the Ox. This year will be a hard time to get succeed. Patience and discipline have to be maintained as well as intuition and rationality balancing. The Ox symbolization that holds nature harmony teaches no to set activities causing nature disorder. This upcoming year will be a prosperous year for those hard thinkers and active planners who believe in and relay on a teamwork, running own business or work independently.

The Ox is the sign of prosperity through strength and hard work. The Ox people are born leader, being quite dependable and determined to achieve great things. They are reliable, calm, and modest. The ox is patient, tireless in their work, and capable of performing endurance without complaint. Ox people need peace and quiet circumstances to work. Once they have set their mind on something it is hard for them to be convinced otherwise. An Ox person has a very logical mind and is extremely systematic in whatever they do, even without imagination. These people speak little but are extremely intelligent. People born under the influence of the Ox are kind, caring souls, positive, and filled with common sense. Their feet are firmly planted on the ground. Security is their main preoccupation in life. They are separated to sweat in order to provide a warm, comfortable and stable nest for themselves and their families. Stubborn and individualistic, the majority are highly intelligent individuals hard to be told what to do.

Comment: Since Indonesia Post has not allowed using stamps to pay the registered fee, my friend couldn't make anymore real posted registered mail for me. The total postage of this FDC is Rp6000. the regular postage from Indonesia to China is Rp5000, and Rp1000 is express additional fee.

2009 Year of the Ox
Canada FDC
China Stamp, Sheetlet II, Booklet.
Hong Kong Stamps FDC, Minisheet FDC, Souvenir Sheet FDC, Pre-stamped Postcard.
Indonesia Stamps FDC, Souvenir Sheet FDC.
Singapore Stamps FDC, Souvenir Sheet FDC.
Taiwan Stamps FDCs, Souvenir Sheet FDCs, Pre-stamped Postcards.
USA FDC

Singapore Year of the Ox M/S FDC

Singapore Minisheet FDC
Name: Zodiac Series - Ox
Date of Issue: 09 January 2009
Printing Process: Offset Lithography with high reflective index transparent Hologram with morphing effect.

There are a total of 12 animal signs in the Chinese calendar based on five cycles of 12 years each, with each cycle tempered by one of the five Chinese elements of Metal, Wood, Water, Fire and Earth. According to Chinese astrology and belief, the traits of these zodiac animals not only shape the personalities of people born under the respective sign but also their lives and the events of the year. Apart from the Ox, the other Chinese zodiac animals are the rat, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, goat, monkey, rooster, dog, and pig.

The diligent, reliable and sincere Ox, second in the Zodiac Cycle, starts off yet another New Year on the Chinese zodiac calendar in 2009.

Being the second of the 12 animal signs, those born in the year of the Ox are often said to possess character traits such as dependability, strength and determination. Oxen are tolerant individuals who believe that the road to success involves hard work and scrupulous behavior. They are kind, caring souls, logical, positive, filled with common sense and with their feet firmly planted on the ground. Security is their main pre-occupation in life, and they are prepared to toil long and hard in order to provide a warm, comfortable and stable nest for themselves and their families.

Famous personalities born in the Ox year include Walt Disney, Charlie Chaplin, Johann Sebastian Bach, Napoleon Bonaparte, Vincent van Gogh and Adolf Hitler.

Comment: This is a special Minisheet as usual, It has Hologram image on both stamps. You could see Rat to Ox Hologram image in different angle on the left stamp, and Ox to Tiger Hologram image in different angle on the right stamp. What a pity, I can't scan this effect, so you'd better possess it and see it.

2009 Year of the Ox
Canada FDC
China Stamp, Sheetlet II, Booklet.
Hong Kong Stamps FDC, Minisheet FDC, Souvenir Sheet FDC, Pre-stamped Postcard.
Indonesia Stamps FDC, Souvenir Sheet FDC.
Singapore Stamps FDC, Souvenir Sheet FDC.
Taiwan Stamps FDCs, Souvenir Sheet FDCs, Pre-stamped Postcards.
USA FDC

Singapore Year of the Ox FDC

Singapore FDC
Name: Zodiac Series - Ox
Date of Issue: 09 January 2009

There are a total of 12 animal signs in the Chinese calendar based on five cycles of 12 years each, with each cycle tempered by one of the five Chinese elements of Metal, Wood, Water, Fire and Earth. According to Chinese astrology and belief, the traits of these zodiac animals not only shape the personalities of people born under the respective sign but also their lives and the events of the year. Apart from the Ox, the other Chinese zodiac animals are the rat, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, goat, monkey, rooster, dog, and pig.

The diligent, reliable and sincere Ox, second in the Zodiac Cycle, starts off yet another New Year on the Chinese zodiac calendar in 2009.

Being the second of the 12 animal signs, those born in the year of the Ox are often said to possess character traits such as dependability, strength and determination. Oxen are tolerant individuals who believe that the road to success involves hard work and scrupulous behavior. They are kind, caring souls, logical, positive, filled with common sense and with their feet firmly planted on the ground. Security is their main pre-occupation in life, and they are prepared to toil long and hard in order to provide a warm, comfortable and stable nest for themselves and their families.

Famous personalities born in the Ox year include Walt Disney, Charlie Chaplin, Johann Sebastian Bach, Napoleon Bonaparte, Vincent van Gogh and Adolf Hitler.

Comment: Please check this FDC carefully, it has 5 ox stamps on this FDC, but the complete set is 3 stamps. :)

2009 Year of the Ox
Canada FDC
China Stamp, Sheetlet II, Booklet.
Hong Kong Stamps FDC, Minisheet FDC, Souvenir Sheet FDC, Pre-stamped Postcard.
Indonesia Stamps FDC, Souvenir Sheet FDC.
Singapore Stamps FDC, Souvenir Sheet FDC.
Taiwan Stamps FDCs, Souvenir Sheet FDCs, Pre-stamped Postcards.
USA FDC

Canada Year of the Ox FDC

Canada FDC
Name: Year of the Ox
Date of Issue: 08 January 2009

Launching a period of prosperity through fortitude and hard work, the Year of the Ox runs from January 26, 2009, to February 13, 2010. People born under the sign of the Ox are strongly influenced by the earth element, which is associated with qualities of stability, industry and practicality.

Comment: Canada Post used many special innovative printing techniques for this stamp - Printing Process: Lithography in 6 colours plus two foil stampings and embossing plus varnish. Canada Post has increased its post rate since 12th January, 2009. The "P" stamps increased from 52c to 54c, and international destinations rate increased from $1.60 to $1.65. But this FDC was sent on 8th January, 2009. The 3 "P" stamps plus 3c stamp is $1.59, it didn't reach the international destinations rate ($1.60).

2009 Year of the Ox
Canada FDC
China Stamp, Sheetlet II, Booklet.
Hong Kong Stamps FDC, Minisheet FDC, Souvenir Sheet FDC, Pre-stamped Postcard.
Indonesia Stamps FDC, Souvenir Sheet FDC.
Singapore Stamps FDC, Souvenir Sheet FDC.
Taiwan Stamps FDCs, Souvenir Sheet FDCs, Pre-stamped Postcards.
USA FDC

USA Year of the Ox FDC

USA FDC
Name: Year of the Ox
Date of Issue: 08 January 2009

Art director Ethel Kessler of Bethesda, MD, worked on the new series with Mak, who now lives in Brooklyn. They focused on some of the common ways the Lunar New Year Holiday is celebrated. To commemorate the Year of the Ox (Jan. 26, 2009 - Feb. 13, 2010), they chose a lion head of a type often worn at parades and other festivities. Dancers wear such heads, often made of papier-mâché and bamboo, as they perform for delighted crowds. Kam's 16" x 9.5" stamp illustration was originally created using oil paints on a fiberboard panel.

"The lion dance painting on the Year of the Ox stamp took me two and a half months to create," Mak explained. "I chose the lion dance because it is an important tradition that dates to the Han Dynasty in welcoming the new year. As a child growing up, the lion dance was always and still is the most anticipated event for me. I always have a preference for the green and black lion created in the style of the Fut San region of southern China. It was a joy painting the lion with all the intricate pattern and details on its head. I also chose to have the lion leaping off the stamp to signify it as ferocious and brave-hearted - two personality traits characteristic to this lion. I hope the Year of the Ox stamp will scare away evil spirits and bring everyone good luck for the New Year."

Comment: I should thank my US friend who helps me to continue the Lunar New Year self-painting FDC series. He has made it for me since the Year of the Rat (2008).

2009 Year of the Ox
Canada FDC
China Stamp, Sheetlet II, Booklet.
Hong Kong Stamps FDC, Minisheet FDC, Souvenir Sheet FDC, Pre-stamped Postcard.
Indonesia Stamps FDC, Souvenir Sheet FDC.
Singapore Stamps FDC, Souvenir Sheet FDC.
Taiwan Stamps FDCs, Souvenir Sheet FDCs, Pre-stamped Postcards.
USA FDC

Myanmar Independence FDC

Myanmar FDC
Name: 61st Independence Day
Date of Issue: 04 January 2009

On 4 January 1948, the nation became an independent republic, named the Union of Burma, with Sao Shwe Thaik as its first President and U Nu as its first Prime Minister. Unlike most other former British colonies and overseas territories, it did not become a member of the Commonwealth. A bicameral parliament was formed, consisting of a Chamber of Deputies and a Chamber of Nationalities.

Comment: This is my first real posted FDC from Myanmar, they did not issue official FDC for this set except a special cancellation. You should study its special numeral, and then you can understand this set was issued on 4th January 2009. The local dated postmark is not very clear, and I also do not understand its meaning. It is a very mysterious FDC in my collection.

India Missile FDC

India FDC
Name: BrahMos
Date of Issue: 22 December 2008

"Defence of country is time honored function of its Government and an essential attribute of sovereignty and economic growth".

Extensive use of subsonic cruise missiles in Gulf war brought about stupendous changes in strategic thinking and convinced nations' world over to lay more emphasis on development of cruise missiles. India and Russia conceived an idea of jointly developing a cruise missile far superiors to the one used during Gulf war. This laid the foundation of a unique Joint Venture "BrahMos Aerospace" with partnership from both countries, represented by Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) from India and Nauchno Proizvodstvennoe Obiedinenie Mashinostroyeniya (Scientific & Production Organization Of Machine Building) (NPOM) from Russia. The technological voids of both were to be covered by either side and the program commenced in 1998.

BrahMos, name represents two well know rivers, Brahmaputra of India and Moskva of Russia. The calmness and serenity of Moskva River and the power and speed of Brahmaputra depict the main characteristics of "BRAHMOS Supersonic Cruise Missile", the product of the Joint Venture. The combination of speed, power and precision achieved by this missile is unparallel and by far the best in the world in this class of Weapon System.

BrahMos Aerospace became the first Joint Venture between India and a foreign partner from mind to market and took on the responsibility of design, development, production and marketing. This Joint Venture was for the first time formed in the history of India by converting Loan repayment into Investment with equity share ratio of 50.5% and 49.5%. An integration of Public – Private Industries from India and Russia as consortium resulted in production of world class prduct which resented an opportunity of penetrating the world market.

BRAHMOS is a supersonic missile that approaches target with three times the speed of sound and is capable of being launched from multiple platforms i.e. land based launcher, warships, submarines, maritime patrol/ASW aircraft and combat aircraft.

Unleashing technological asymmetry in the battle space, this supersonic cruise missile is capable of tilting the balance of war in favour of the possessor who can use it imaginatively and decisively.

Numerous flight tests have taken place from different platforms in variety of congfigurations such as from ship to ship, land to ship, land to land and ship against the land. Today the BrahMos is operational with the Indian Navy and Army.

Success of BrahMos is attributable to many known major factors such as vision, government support, mutual trust between partners, sharing of available best technologies.

The trust and support provided by the two Governments coupled with the outstanding management leadership of the Joint Venture has resulted in a world class product which has become a model for all future co-operations between our two countries and has escalated relations between the two countries well beyond the buyer-seller equation that has persisted for decades.